Health Records and Health Summary That Is Associated Free Samples

Question: Difference between External Systems or Devices of Health Record? Answer: Introduction There have been many revolutions, advancements and transformations that have taken place in the field of technology with the increase of innovation. There is a great advancement in terms of automation and digitalization that has been done. The impact of the same is viable and visible in every sector on a global scale. Healthcare is also a sector that did not refrain from adapting the technological changes and included the same in its requirements so as to emerge as an innovative and technically advanced sector. Commonwealth Government of Australia has always made sure that it remains at pace with the technology and the advancements in the field of technology. One of such examples is My Health Record that provides a summary of the health details of the patients on an application that is available on cloud. System Qualities (Non-Functional Requirements) There are primarily three types of requirements that an application is required to fulfill which include functional requirements, non-functional requirements and user requirements. Functional requirements are associated with the features of the system such as its functionalities that will be included. Non-functional requirements on the other hand are the system qualities that shall be reflected in the system to make sure that the qualities such as usability, reliability, performance and supportability are present in the system. Usability of My Health Record As described above, there are certain system qualities that must be present in the system. These qualities shall be present in My Health Record as well to make sure that the user expectations are met and the level of satisfaction is achieved. One of the important system qualities is the usability of the system (Lauesen Younessi, 2016). There are many functional aspects that are present in My Health Record for the patients and for the medical staff members. Absence of any of these functional aspects will lead to the emergence of problems such as issues in the user experience that is achieved from the system. It is therefore required that the usability of the system is maintained and the functional aspects as described under the specifications are included. There shall also be adherence to the design principles that shall be maintained such as easy layout, simple navigation along with the customized color themes. Reliability of My Health Record Health records and health summary that is associated with the system shall be displayed correctly and accurately. There cannot be any loopholes present in the health information that is associated with the patients. There can be fatal occurrences because of the reason. The non-functional requirement that shall be included in the system shall be the reliability of the system (Chung, 2016). There are many information sets that are present in My Health Record such as details that are fed by the users, analysis that is provided by the medical staff and likewise. The requests that the end users will place in the system will be required to be done in such a manner that it yields valid information at all times. Performance of My Health Record Automated systems that are created for the organizations are done in such a manner that the response that is given to the user requests is quick (Malan Bredemeyer, 2010). Any delays in the response or the processing speed will not be acceptable as the speed of operations is considered as the prime quality to be maintained by the automated systems. The case is the same with My Health Record and it will be necessary that a quick response is provided to any of the user requests of queries. System performance will therefore be required to be implemented in My Health Record. There may also be situation wherein the user may be experiencing an emergency health situation. In such cases, system performance will have a vital role to play as immediate alerts will be generated. Supportability of My Health Record Technology and the technical aspects that are associated with the systems and applications are changing rapidly. There are new and innovative technologies that are coming up in the market and these technologies are extremely dynamic in nature. The technical infrastructure that is associated with My Health Record may change suddenly. The technology that is implemented may soon become obsolete. It will therefore be necessary to have the elements of supportability and scalability in this system so that the changes can be met with ease (Shaikh Misbahuddin, 2016). System Interfaces User Interfaces of My Health Record Users would want to feel connected with the application. It will therefore be necessary that the connectivity is maintained with My Health Record. It will be required to provide the response to the user requests and actions adequately for which the design and the user interface shall include the elements of responsive web design. It will not be recommended that there is overuse of colors in the application as it belongs to the field of healthcare. At the same time, the application shall also not have dull and plain colors used. The use of colors should be a perfect mix such that they give a soothing appeal to the application. The buttons, labels, text elements and other UI elements that are present on the application shall acknowledge the use action with response such as highlights, shadows, change of colors etc. Some users may like the color tone and scheme that is implemented in the application while there may be certain users that may prefer other color scheme and tone. There shall be an option provided to the users to customize the color scheme that is used (Fosse Delp, 2016). Consistency is considered as a prime application and it shall reflect and be present in My Health Record as well. The presence of elements such as use of colors and the layout on the screens of the applications shall maintain consistency. There shall not be cases wherein one screen in the application is colored in one color and another screen is colored in another color. The application will have many screens such as login, health summary, health report etc. Any of these screens shall not have overloaded navigation. At the same time, the transition from one screen to the other shall also be smooth and hassle free. There will be a lot of text content present on the application which will be written in a specific font face, color and size. There shall be consistency maintained in terms of these elements as well. The medical reports that will be sent by the medical experts and practitioners will be provided to the users in the form of a summary. The patients will also have the capability to extract this summary from the system. The downloaded reports shall have the option of customization in terms of the contents and the format. External Systems or Devices Interfaces of My Health Record There will be exchange of emails between the patients or their families and the medical team which shall be implemented and carried out by the protocol as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). There will be many files that will be necessary to be sent from one entity to the other. For instance, the medical team will provide the comments in the form of e-documents. Sharing capability will be required which will be fulfilled by File Transfer Protocol which is abbreviated as FTP. Networks will play an important role in this case as the entire functioning will depend upon the capacity and capability of the networks. Connectivity to the networks through Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) shall be done. Communication technologies and standards such as MPEG4, JPEG2 and Real Time Protocol (RTP) will be required for supporting the abilities for tele conferencing in the application. Medical equipment will be used by the patients to feed their health records. This information will be fed in through the aid of medical equipment that shall be connected and made compatible with the application (Conde et al., 2010). Security protocols will be necessary and will play a significant role in My Health Record. The application shall therefore comprise of the protocols that ensure the protection and safety of information (Wheatcraft, 2010). System Constraints of My Health Record My Health Record shall have a front end for providing the application interface to the users which shall be coded in PHP programming language. My Health Record shall have a back end for storage and management of information which shall make use of a cloud based NoSQL database as MongoDB. My Health Record will experience several testing activities that shall be carried out and any bugs that are found shall be logged in the tool as Bugzilla (Dettmer, 2016). Review - Cloud Based Solutions Cloud based solutions and their performance and usability will have a major role to play in this case. My Health Record will be deployed and delivered with the use of cloud based models. It will therefore be required to analyze and review the various cloud based options that are available. There are mainly three forms of cloud delivery models as Platform as a Service, Software as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service which are abbreviated as PaaS, SaaS and IaaS respectively. In case of My Health Record the delivery activities that will be carried out will be best support by PaaS. There are many reasons that are present behind the choice of this model because of the performance and reviews of the model in the market and among the users. It is the model that will ensure that the security of the information related with My Health Record is maintained all throughout. The security protocols that are necessary will be easily implemented in this model and it has its own security mechanisms as well to make sure that none of the violations take place. There are instances wherein it has been seen that there are issues related with the ownership of data in case of cloud based solutions. However, such a case is not present in My Health record as the ownership and authority related formalities are done and declared in advance. The next model that will be required to be selected in case of My Health Record will be the cloud deployment model. There are mainly three types of deployment models in cloud as private cloud, hybrid cloud and public cloud. In this case, the end users that will be using the application have been defined. Also, the nature of information that will be handled by the application has also been classified. This information will mainly be critical and sensitive as it will comprise health related information of the patients. The model that will be applicable in this case will be private cloud on the basis of the security concerns that are related with My Health Record. There may be instances of execution of security risks and attacks which will be reduced and minimized with private cloud. SDLC Approach SDLC is a practice that specifies the guidelines that must be followed for the development and deployment of software. There are various approaches that have been defined and created in association with SDLC. These approaches are mainly classified in two categories as predictive and adaptive SDLC. Predictive SDLC Predictive SDLC, as the name suggests, is an approach in which the steps and phases that are defined are on the basis of the set procedures which have no scope of alteration or change during the timeline of the project. Also, the behavior and the patterns associated with the system are estimated and noted in advance. In case of My Health Record, requirements are clearly specified. With the adaptation of this particular approach, the management will have the set processes to follow and guidelines to adapt in case of a deviation. There is one drawback with this approach in terms of the requirements inflation as the project risk which will not be treated properly in case of predictive SDLC, if occurred. Adaptive SDLC Second approach that has been defined and can be implemented in the activities related with My Health Record is Adaptive SDLC. It is the approach in which the ad-hoc process is followed for the execution of the activities and achieving the business goals and objectives. There is no set flow in this approach and the flow is designed and estimated on the basis of the project scenarios and requirements. The drawbacks of predictive SDLC in terms of difficulty to deal with requirements inflation is one of the major strengths of adaptive approach as such occurrences can be easily dealt with. The project team will not be required to do additional work whenever there is a change in the requirement. However, there may be budget issues related with this approach as the cost associated with it is high. Conclusions After analyzing both the approaches, it has been recommended and concluded that adaptive SDLC will have higher applicability than predictive SDLC. The drawback will adaptive SDLC is in terms of costs which will not be an issue in this case as My Health Record is an initiative of Commonwealth Government of Australia. However, the drawback related with predictive SDLC may have some serious implications on the project and the application. References Agilemodeling,. (2016). UML 2 Use Case Diagramming Guidelines. Agilemodeling.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://agilemodeling.com/style/useCaseDiagram.htm Bourne, L. (2016). Stakeholder Relationship Management. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF_Papers/P128b_Stakeholder_Relationship_Management.pdf Chung, L. (2016). Non-Functional Requirements. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.utdallas.edu/~chung/SYSM6309/NFR-18-4-on-1.pdf Conde, J., De, S., Hall, R., Johansen, E., Meglan, D., Peng, G. (2010). Telehealth Innovations in Health Education and Training. Telemedicine And E-Health, 16(1), 103-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2009.0152 Dettmer, H. (2016). Systems and Constraints: The Concept of Leverage. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://goalsys.com/systemsthinking/documents/Part-6-SystemsandConstraints.pdf Fakhroutdinov, K. (2016). UML actor is a role played by a human user of the designed system, some other system or hardware that interacts with the subject by using services of the subject.. Uml-diagrams.org. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.uml-diagrams.org/use-case-actor.html Fosse, E. Delp, C. (2016). Systems Engineering Interfaces: A Model Based Approach. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.omgsysml.org/System_Engineering_Interfaces-IEEE_2013.pdf Lauesen, S. Younessi, H. (2016). Six Styles for Usability Requirements. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.itu.dk/~slauesen/Papers/SixStyles.pdf Malan, R. Bredemeyer, D. (2010). Defining Non-Functional Requirements. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.bredemeyer.com/pdf_files/NonFunctReq.PDF McAtee, M. (2016). A good compliance system takes the administrating out of managing. Qualitydigest.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.qualitydigest.com/nov01/html/paperless.html Rhyous,. (2011). The 8 Types of Technical Documentation and Why Each Is Important. Rhyous. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.rhyous.com/2011/07/21/the-different-types-of-technical-documentation-for-software-and-why-each-is-important/ Shaikh, A. Misbahuddin, M. (2016). A system design for a telemedicine health care system. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/10498/1/gupea_2077_10498_1.pdf Walker, D. (2016). Influence, Stakeholder Mapping and Visualisation. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF_Papers/P062_Influence_Stakeholder_Mapping_and_Visualisation.pdf Watt, A. (2016). 5. Stakeholder Management | Project Management. Opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://opentextbc.ca/projectmanagement/chapter/chapter-5-project-stakeholders-project-management/ Wheatcraft, L. (2010). Everything you wanted to know about interfaces, but were afraid to ask. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://spacese.spacegrant.org/uploads/images/UserContributedFiles/WheatcraftInterfaces110909.pdf Wick, S. (2016). User Stories and Use Cases - Dont Use Both!. Batimes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.batimes.com/articles/user-stories-and-use-cases-dont-use-both.htm

The Brain Essays - Motor System, Neuroanatomy, Brainstem

The Brain A.M.D.G 27th October 1996 The Brain By Manuel Socarr?s In the central nervous system of animals, the brain is a segregated group of nerve cells, or neurones, within the cranium, or skull, in vertebrates, and within the head segment in lower forms of animals. The brain varies in size and complexity from rudimentary ganglia (a group of nerve-cell bodies) in the central nervous systems of primitive worms to the large and complex human brain. As the central control organ of the body, the brain governs the functioning of the body's other organs. Sensory nerve cells feed external and internal information from all parts of the body to the brain. At least four medical subspecialties have a primary concern with the human brain: neurology, psychobiology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. The average human brain at birth weighs 390 g (14 oz); its average maximum weight, reached at age 15, is 1,315 g (46 oz). The total number of neurones in the human brain is approximately 10 billion. In contrast, the brain of a whale may weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb.), four times as much as a human brain, and the brain of a grasshopper contains no more than a few thousand neurones. A theory has been proposed which states that behavioural capacity, a broad term indicating intelligence, is related not to the size of brain but to the index of cephalisation--the amount of brain tissue in excess of that required for transmitting impulses to and from the brain. Studies have shown that a progressive evolutionary encephalisation relative to body size occurs in vertebrates and culminates in humans. Of equal importance to encephalisation has been the evolutionary development of the human forebrain, a greatly expanded and convoluted mantle containing neuronal centres necessary for understanding a nd producing language, for conceptualisation and abstraction, for judgement, and for the capacity of humans to contemplate and influence their lives. ANATOMY AND FUNCTION Localisation of function is defined by two investigative techniques: ablation and stimulation. Ablation, the removal of a small area of the brain, may result in a neurological deficit that is considered in terms of a lost function, one that is assigned to the area of the brain that was ablated. In humans, correlation of the indications of brain dysfunction during life with lesions of the brain found at autopsy has added greatly to the Human Brain The human brain has three major structural components: the large dome-shaped cerebrum (top), the smaller somewhat spherical cerebellum (lower right), and the brainstem (centre). Prominent in the brainstem are the medulla oblongata (the egg-shaped enlargement at centre); and the thalamus (between the medulla and the cerebrum). The cerebrum is responsible for intelligence and reasoning. The cerebellum helps to maintain balance and posture. The medulla is involved in maintaining involuntary functions such as respiration, and the thalamus acts as a relay centre for electrical impulses travelling to and from the cerebral cortex. knowledge of localised functions. Movements and sensations can be produced in conscious humans by stimulating the brain electrically in appropriate areas. A portion of the skull may be removed (a craniotomy) under local anaesthesia, giving access to the brain in a conscious patient. Gray and white matter may be cut, stimulated, or cauterised without the patient experiencing pain. Apparently no nerve endings sensitive to pain exist within the brain substance. Large blood vessels supplying the brain and certain sensory nerves attached to the brain stem are pain sensitive. Brain Stem The most notable structures of the adult human brain are the brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres). The lowest, or most caudal, portion of the brain stem, the medulla oblongata, is continuous with the spinal cord. Above it, the pons bulges prominently and is continuous with the midbrain, into which the cerebral peduncles (stem-like connections) extend. The cerebral peduncles carry upper motor neurone fibres that originate in the cerebral cortex to the cell bodies of cranial nerves in the brain stem and to cells in the spinal cord, called lower motor neurones, which cause certain muscles to move. The brain stem contains all afferent and efferent nerve fibres between the spinal cord and the higher brain centres. Some upper motor neurone fibres cross in the brain stem, whereas others do not. Most cranial

Guide to Taking the NBPE Exams

Guide to Taking the NBPE ExamsThe APLT Practice Exam provides an effective way to pass the National Board of Pharmacy Examiners (NBPE) Practice Exam. To be ready for the NBPE Practice Exam, you should prepare for the APLT practice exam and practice everything you learned during the preparation course.Prepare Study Guides While You Wait For The Test: Every year, thousands of aspiring pharmacists take the NBPE. However, due to a number of factors, most never appear on the exam and end up having no shot at getting a license. With that in mind, it is of the utmost importance that you come prepared by studying, reviewing your notes, and taking practice tests.It is important to practice your skills on a practice test as well as on an actual NBPE practice exam. If you pass the NBPE Practice Exam and do not understand what is happening or do not know how to proceed, it may be difficult to understand why you are not succeeding at the NBPE exam. This may cause you to spend more time, effort, a nd money preparing for the NBPE practice exam. You will also want to use the NBPE practice test as a guide and not a test so that you know what to expect when you finally go to take the NBPE.The essay sample that is included with the APLT Practice Exam provides a helpful outline of the steps that you will need to take in order to succeed on the NBPE. In addition, the essay sample outline provides tips on how to write successful essays that demonstrate your abilities in the area of pharmacology.The APLT Practice Exam essay sample outlines a research-based essay that includes specific topics about pharmaceuticals and their history. The essays provide an in-depth look at these different products and how they work. Your essay will include an overview of pharmacology, drug interactions, drugs in the bloodstream, blood flow, medication safety, and medical terminology.The APLT essay sample also includes a research-based essay about drug safety, which includes topics such as drug reactions, drug interactions, drug safety, as well as drug potency and addiction. Topics will include issues of drug storage, drug transportation, drug diversion, and drug disposal.Preparing for the NBPE essay sample is only half of the battle. Since this essay will appear on the actual NBPE test, you will need to study and learn as much as possible about these various topics. Reading over the written content is a great way to review these topics so that you know exactly what to look for on the NBPE.Therefore, before you go out and take the actual NBPE, you will want to have a reference guide to refer to when you take the APLT Practice Exam and essay sample. With this, you will ensure that you will be able to pass the NBPE and APLT easily and without any problems.

Lean Operations Design Homework

Lean Operations Design Homework Introduction Lean operation refers to practices that are aimed at achieving manufacturing processes with minimum waste. This paper seeks to discuss aspects of manufacturing processes. The paper will explore definitions of terms that are used in manufacturing processes. It will also explain lean wastes in a manufacturing set up.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Lean Operations Design Homework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitions Cycle time Cycle time is the duration of time needed to complete a production process. Raw materials are processed into finished products within the period. Cycle time begins when production process starts with raw materials until the time when the necessary production activities are completed (Curry and Feldman, 2010). Throughput Throughput is the measure of the rate of production of a process. It measures the quantity of raw materials that are utilized in a production process per unit duration of time. Denis and Shock define throughput as the mean rate of outcome from a process (Denis and Shock, 2007). Throughput time Throughput time is a total time that is taken to complete a production process. The period begins from the first step of a production process up to the process’ last step. Throughput time in a manufacturing industry is, for instance, defined as the duration of time that starts at the beginning of a production process until the time that the desired finished product is obtained (Reijers, 2003). Work in progress Work in progress refers to the value of raw materials that have been put in a production process but have not yet been completed. Example of work in progress in a manufacturing industry is the set of materials that are meant to be used in the production of commodities, but which are still under the manufacturing process (Dudbridge, 2011). Job shop A job shop is a production facility or a set of machines, which can only execute one activity at a time, but can be reused after every single operation. It defines a collection of facilities which functionalities are renewable (Lee and Choi, 2010). Possible seven lean wastes in Kentucky Fried Chicken domain The main aim of lean production processes is to minimize wastes that could be incurred during production processes. Possible lean wastes in a manufacturing industry include â€Å"overproduction, inventory, transport, processing, idle time, operation motion, and bad quality† (Dudbridge, 2011, n.p.).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overproduction, which is defined as excess output of finished products, is a waste because it induces turbulence in a supply chain’s production flow. Further, overproduction means that resources that could have been used in other activities are tied up in stock that is not immediately useful to an or ganization. Transportation, which is defined as the process of moving inventory from one location to another, is also a waste because it causes expenditure, but does not add value to the production process. Operator motion, a process that involves movement of personnel from one manufacturing location to another, in cases where processes are executed at different locations, is also a significant waste. This is because the time and resources that are used in operator motions could be utilized in adding value to the production process (Dudbridge, 2011). Inventory, which is a derivative of overproduction, is another waste in production processes. Like overproduction, inventory holds up resources and disrupts flow of production processes. While bad quality leads to poor sales, costly processing methods reduce availability of resources and idle time delays production processes (Dudbridge, 2011). One of the possible lean wastes that Kentucky could face is overproduction. This could lead to held up resources and losses due to expired stock. The organization can avoid the waste through market research on demand trends. Transportation of resources such as raw materials is another possible waste for the company. This can be avoided by establishing the company’s own poultry firm within or around its premises. Large inventory due to over production can also be avoided by monitoring market trends together with application of sales promotions. Idle time and poor quality are other wastes that the company could face and can be avoided by ensuring proper operations management (Dudbridge, 2011). References Curry, G., and Feldman, R. (2010). Manufacturing Systems Modeling and Analysis. New York, NY: SpringerAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Lean Operations Design Homework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Denis, P., and Shock, J. (2007). Lean production simplified: a plain language guide to the worlds m ost powerful production system. New York, NY: Productivity Press Dudbridge, M. (2011). Handbook of Lean Manufacturing in the Food Industry. Oxford, UK: John Wiley Sons Lee, S., and Choi, B. (2010). Frontiers of Assembly and Manufacturing: Selected Papers from ISAM09. Barcelona, Spain: Springer Reijers, H. (2003). Design and control of workflow processes: business process management for the service industry. New York, NY: Springer

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Among different kinds of essays you have to write at school, comparison and contrast essays are perhaps the most interesting ones. Writing comparison and contrast essays develops your analytical skills, you can improve your ability to compare and make conclusions. Well, if you are not sure how to write a comparison and contrast essay, you are reading the right article. Starting your comparison and contrast essayTo make a good start of your comparison and contrast essay, make sure you know the basis for comparison. Start with providing some common features, after that find the characteristics which are different, and then make a conclusion. For instance, you do not know how to write a comparison and contrast essay on the Bible. Well, pick out one story which you like. For example, let it be a story about Cain and Abel. As a matter of common features, write that both of them worked very hard. Then, to contrast them, start with giving the infor mation that Cain worked in the field, and Abel was a shepherd. Then, write that Abel was humble and kind, and Cain was envious and mean. Once, both of them decided to make a sacrifice to God. While God accepted Abels gift, Cains sacrifice was neglected. That is why we can make a conclusion that God sees in a persons heart, it is impossible to hide anything from Him.Comparison contrast essay writing secretsWriting comparison and contrast essays, remember that it is important to sound emphatic. Sometimes it is not easy to find points to compare. For example, you may not know how to write a comparison and contrast essay on some modern book. Modern authors often avoid describing their characters as opposites; they want them to look like real people which have both positive and negative traits. This can complicate writing comparison and contrast essays. For instance, how to write a comparison and contrast essay on History? If you have to compare two poques, choose the main points to characterize. They can be the economical situation in the country, the demographical situation, the level of science development. Write some information about education and culture of these periods. Writing comparison and contrast essays on History, it is also important to mention the level of material welfare of people. In conclusion write in which poque peoples life was better. Now we think that you know how to write a comparison and contrast essay and you will easily complete your assignment.

Book Assignment Part 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Book Assignment Part 5 - Essay Example Actors on a historical stage do not just exist; they act, and they act out of the conditions of their character and circumstances. Human life is biographical as well as biological, and it is clear that memory has sense from both of these perspectives. Following Martnez (1994), Wilson and Donnan state that: "transnationalism is the process whereby borderlanders are influenced by, and sometimes share the values, ideas, customs and traditions of, their counterparts across the boundary line" (Wilson and Donnan 1999, p. 5). Unlike the stage actor, whose assumed identity is not taken seriously to represent the self within, the spy must convince skeptical and suspicious others of the reality of an assumed identity, when that assumed identity is in fact false. Thus, the spy poses an interesting case for a psychology of self and identity, especially when the possibilities of double agents or counterspies are considered. In contrast to other borders, the uniqueness of the U.S.-Mexican border is explained by historical relations between the nations and political struggle. The war between the United States and Mexico (1846-48) ended with the defeat of Mexico and its resultant loss of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. For the first time the Spanish Americans realized that the "Colossus of the North" was a threat to them. Although Mexico has had to accept the loss of half the territory it claimed, that loss is still a source of bitterness. In South America after the wars of independence there were no developments of international importance comparable to those in Mexico. Though for some purposes and in some contexts the 'native' population was treated as homogeneous, there was in colonialism, an ideology and practice of classification' which usually divided that population into further, hierarchically ordered and stereotyped, categories. Sometimes these were very broad: Spaniards in Mexico referred to the 'wild' Indians. This kind of transformation often emerged through an 'ethnic dialectic'. In the colonial classification of indigenous populations there was a dialectical relationship between existing ethnic categories, often those of the locally dominant group with which the colonizers first established contact, or with which they had their most enduring relationship, and the categories of the colonizers' own language and culture. They did not impose or operate solely with a preformed system of classification, nor did they adopt existing systems wholesale. In the shaping and reshaping of indigenous ethnic and cultural pluralism there was a complex i nterplay between colonizers' systems of classification and those of the colonized (which in any case were not timeless or unchanging). The transformation of ethnic space involved various forms of social and political incorporation. "The exploration of Mexican and Mexican-American political values and actions at the border is an early example of ethnicity as a factor which gives character to the borderlands, binds communities to each other across the borderline" (Wilson and Donnan Wilson and Donnan 1999, p. 54) . The relations between the U.S. and Mexico were based on unique cultural values and traditions shaped by both cultures. The historical and sociological process we have

Political Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Terrorism - Essay Example To answer this question let us look at the definition of terrorism. Political terrorism is a mode of warfare and has a different meaning for different people and in this is the conundrum in defining political terrorism. For the developed world the Libyan-supported attacks on the airports at Rome and Vienna in 1985 were acts of political terrorism by Libya and the revolutionary elements using armed struggle to promote their aims at securing freedom. From the perspective of Libya, however it was the retaliatory attack by the powerful United States of America in 1986 that was an act of political terrorism, for it was purely with the objective of putting fear into Libya and the insurgent groups that violence would be met with violence. Thus searching for a universally accepted definition of political terrorism is futile exercise and there would be better reward in trying to understand what political terrorism means (Merari, 2007). There are three basic elements that go into providing an understanding of political terrorism. The first is that the destructive violence seen in mode of warfare of political violent is unlike the conventional open combat and is essentially in used by stealth. The second basic element is the principal targets of this violence is political and even when the targets are not political, the message attempted to be communicated through the violence is political. The final basic element in political terrorism is that it is used by insurgent groups against the state or as recourse by the state. Thus the main players in political terrorism are insurgent groups acting against the state or the state by itself (Ronczkowski, 2004). Terror as a weapon has a long history and is not a development of the twentieth century. However, the nature of terrorism that society faces today is far different from the earlier experiences and as a coherent philosophy is rooted in